High Sensitivity Real Time Profile Control Eddy Current Monitoring System

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for chemical mechanical polishing includes a platen having a surface to support a polishing pad, and an eddy current monitoring system to generate an eddy current signal. The eddy current monitoring system includes a core and a coil wound around a portion of the core. The core includes a back portion, a first prong extending from the back portion in a first direction normal to the surface of the platen and having a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, and second and third prongs extending from the back portion in parallel with the first protrusion, the second and third prongs positioned on opposite sides of and equidistant from the first prong. A spacing between each of the second and third prongs and the first prong is approximately equal to twice the width of the first prong.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/299,883, filed on Jan. 29, 2010, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to eddy current monitoring during chemical mechanical polishing of substrates.

BACKGROUND

An integrated circuit is typically formed on a substrate (e.g. a semiconductor wafer) by the sequential deposition of conductive, semiconductive or insulative layers on a silicon wafer, and by the subsequent processing of the layers.

One fabrication step involves depositing a filler layer over a non-planar surface, and planarizing the filler layer until the non-planar surface is exposed. For example, a conductive filler layer can be deposited on a patterned insulative layer to fill the trenches or holes in the insulative layer. The filler layer is then polished until the raised pattern of the insulative layer is exposed. After planarization, the portions of the conductive layer remaining between the raised pattern of the insulative layer form vias, plugs and lines that provide conductive paths between thin film circuits on the substrate. In addition, planarization may be used to planarize the substrate surface for lithography.

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is one accepted method of planarization. This planarization method typically requires that the substrate be mounted on a carrier head. The exposed surface of the substrate is placed against a rotating polishing pad. The carrier head provides a controllable load on the substrate to push it against the polishing pad. A polishing liquid, such as slurry with abrasive particles, is supplied to the surface of the polishing pad.

During semiconductor processing, it may be important to determine one or more characteristics of the substrate or layers on the substrate. For example, it may be important to know the thickness of a conductive layer during a CMP process, so that the process may be terminated at the correct time. A number of methods may be used to determine substrate characteristics. For example, optical sensors may be used for in-situ monitoring of a substrate during chemical mechanical polishing. Alternately (or in addition), an eddy current sensing system may be used to induce eddy currents in a conductive region on the substrate to determine parameters such as the local thickness of the conductive region.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, an apparatus for chemical mechanical polishing includes a platen having a surface to support a polishing pad, and an eddy current monitoring system to generate an eddy current signal. The eddy current monitoring system includes a core positioned at least partially in the platen and a coil wound around a portion of the core. The core includes a back portion, a first prong extending from the back portion in a first direction normal to the surface of the platen and having a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, and second and third prongs extending from the back portion in parallel with the first protrusion, the second and third prongs positioned on opposite sides of and equidistant from the first prong. A spacing in the second direction between each of the second and third prongs and the first prong is approximately equal to twice the width of the first prong.

Implementations can include one or more of the following features. The second and third prongs may have a width approximately equal to the width of the first prong. The width of the first prong may be about 1 mm and the spacing between each of the second and third prongs and the first prong may be about 2 mm. The first, second and third prongs may each have a height in the first direction, the height being greater than the width of the first prong, e.g., about four times the width. The first, second and third prongs may each have a length along a third direction parallel to the surface of the platen and perpendicular to the second direction, the length being greater than the width of the first prong. The length may be at least 10 times the width, e.g., length may be about 20 times the width. The platen may be rotatable about an axis of rotation, and the length of the first, second and third prongs may be perpendicular to a radius of the platen that extends from the axis of rotation through the core. The core may have a generally E-shaped cross section in a plane parallel to the first direction and the second direction. The coil may be wound only around the first prong. The polishing pad may have a backing layer and a polishing layer, the backing layer may have an aperture therein, and the prongs of the core may extend into the aperture in the backing layer but not past a bottom surface of the polishing layer. The eddy current monitoring system may have a resonant frequency of about 1.5 to 2 MHz.

In another aspect an apparatus for chemical mechanical polishing includes a platen having a surface to support a polishing pad, and an eddy current monitoring system to generate an eddy current signal. The eddy current monitoring system includes a core positioned at least partially in the platen and a coil. The core includes a back portion, a first prong extending from the back portion in a first direction normal to the surface of the platen and having a height in the first direction, and second and third prongs extending from the back portion in parallel with the first protrusion, the second and third prongs positioned on opposite sides of the first prong. The coil is wound around an outer portion of the first prong and is not wound around an inner portion of the first prong that is closer to the back portion than the outer portion. The inner portion extends at least about half the height of the prong.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The outer portion may extend about half the height of the prong. At least one spacer may be positioned in a gap between the first prong and the second and third prongs to support the coil. The first prong may have a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, the second and third prongs may be positioned equidistant from the first prong, and a spacing in the second direction between each of the second and third prongs and the first prong may be approximately equal to twice the width of the first prong. The first, second and third prongs may have the same height. The first prong may have a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, and the height may be greater than the width. The first prong may have a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, and the first, second and third prongs may each have a length along a third direction parallel to the surface of the platen and perpendicular to the second direction, the length being greater than the width of the first prong. The coil may be wound only around the first prong. The polishing pad may have a backing layer and a polishing layer, the backing layer may have an aperture therein, and the prongs of the core may extend into the aperture in the backing layer but not past a bottom surface of the polishing layer. The eddy current monitoring system may have a resonant frequency of about 1.5 to 2 MHz. The coil may be wound about 12 times around the first prong. A capacitor having a capacitance of about 1000 pF may be in parallel with the coil.

Potential advantages of some implementations can include the following. Eddy current monitoring may be performed with the sensor positioned farther from the substrate, e.g., with the sensor that does not project into a recess in the polishing layer. By removing the recess from the polishing layer, polishing uniformity and pad lifetime may be improved. Accuracy of thickness measurements may be improved for thin layers, which may improve real time profile control for thinner layers, and thus improve within-wafer and wafer-to-wafer uniformity. In addition, accuracy of thickness measurement may be improved for polishing metals of lower conductivity than copper, e.g., for polishing of aluminum and tungsten. This may improve real time profile control and thus improve within-wafer and wafer-to-wafer uniformity for such low conductivity metals.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other aspects, features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded perspective view of a chemical mechanical polishing apparatus.

FIG. 2 is a schematic side view, partially cross-sectional, of a chemical mechanical polishing station that includes an eddy current monitoring system and an optical monitoring system.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a carrier head.

FIGS. 4A-4B show a schematic diagram of an eddy current monitoring system.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show side and perspective views of an eddy current monitoring system with three prongs.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show top and side views of a chemical mechanical polishing apparatus using an elongated core.

FIG. 7 shows a top view of a platen with a substrate on the surface of the platen.

FIGS. 8A-8D schematically illustrate a method of detecting a polishing endpoint using an eddy current sensor.

FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the thickness of a metal layer on a substrate after chemical mechanical polishing.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method of polishing a metal layer.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an alternative method of polishing a metal layer.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

CMP systems can use eddy current monitoring systems to detect thickness of a top metal layer on a substrate. During polishing of the top metal layer, the eddy current monitoring system can determine the thickness of different regions of the metal layer on the substrate. The thickness measurements can be used to adjust processing parameters of the polishing process in real time. For example, a substrate carrier head can adjust the pressure on the backside of the substrate to increase or decrease the polishing rate of the regions of the metal layer. The polishing rate can be adjusted so that the regions of the metal layer are substantially the same thickness after polishing. The CMP system can adjust the polishing rate so that polishing of the regions of the metal layer completes at about the same time. Such profile control can be referred to as real time profile control (RTPC).

One problem with eddy current monitoring is an insufficient signal for accurate thickness determination, which can result in lack of accuracy in endpoint determination and profile control. Without being limited to any particular theory, factors that contribute to an insufficient signal can include (a) placement of the sensor farther from the substrate, such that the magnetic field reaching the substrate is weaker, (b) polishing of thinner layers, e.g., copper less than 2000 Angstroms, which have a higher resistance, and (c) polishing of lower conductivity metals, e.g., aluminum or tungsten.

Signal strength can be dramatically improved by proper configuration of the sensor. In particular, for a core with three prongs, signal strength can be improved by spacing the prongs slightly farther apart, and by concentrating the windings of the coil around the outer portion of the center prong. In addition, the resonant frequency of the eddy current sensor can be tuned for the layer that will be polished. Overall, signal strength can be increased sufficiently for reliable profile control even if the sensor is farther from the substrate, a thinner layer is being polished, and/or a lower conductivity metal is being polished. For example, profile control can be performed reliably even for copper layers less than 1000 Angstroms thick, and for aluminum layers.

Another technique is to use different eddy current monitoring systems at different polishing stations. For example, a first polishing station can include an eddy current monitoring system with a resonant frequency selected for an initial thickness range of the metal layer, e.g., down to about 1000 Angstroms, and a second polishing station can include an eddy current monitoring system with a resonant frequency selected for a subsequent thickness range that is lower than the initial thickness range, e.g., down to about 200 Angstroms.

FIG. 1 shows a CMP apparatus 20 for polishing one or more substrates 10. A description of a similar polishing apparatus can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,738,574. Polishing apparatus 20 includes a series of polishing stations 22 a, 22 b and 22 c, and a transfer station 23. Transfer station 23 transfers the substrates between the carrier heads and a loading apparatus.

Each polishing station includes a rotatable platen 24 having a top surface 25 on which is placed a polishing pad 30. The first and second stations 22 a and 22 b can include a two-layer polishing pad with a hard durable outer surface or a fixed-abrasive pad with embedded abrasive particles. The final polishing station 22 c can include a relatively soft pad or a two-layer pad. Each polishing station can also include a pad conditioner apparatus 28 to maintain the condition of the polishing pad so that it will effectively polish substrates.

Referring to FIG. 2, a two-layer polishing pad 30 typically has a backing layer 32 which abuts the surface of platen 24 and a covering layer 34 which is used to polish substrate 10. Covering layer 34 is typically harder than backing layer 32. However, some pads have only a covering layer and no backing layer. Covering layer 34 can be composed of foamed or cast polyurethane, possibly with fillers, e.g., hollow microspheres, and/or a grooved surface. Backing layer 32 can be composed of compressed felt fibers leached with urethane. A two-layer polishing pad, with the covering layer composed of IC-1000 and the backing layer composed of SUBA-4, is available from Rodel, Inc., of Newark, Del. (IC-1000 and SUBA-4 are product names of Rodel, Inc.).

During a polishing step, a slurry 38 can be supplied to the surface of polishing pad 30 by a slurry supply port or combined slurry/rinse arm 39. If polishing pad 30 is a standard pad, slurry 38 can also include abrasive particles (e.g., silicon dioxide for oxide polishing).

Returning to FIG. 1, a rotatable multi-head carousel 60 supports four carrier heads 70. The carousel is rotated by a central post 62 about a carousel axis 64 by a carousel motor assembly (not shown) to orbit the carrier head systems and the substrates attached thereto between polishing stations 22 and transfer station 23. Three of the carrier head systems receive and hold substrates, and polish them by pressing them against the polishing pads. Meanwhile, one of the carrier head systems receives a substrate from and delivers a substrate to transfer station 23.

Each carrier head 70 is connected by a carrier drive shaft 74 to a carrier head rotation motor 76 (shown by the removal of one quarter of cover 68) so that each carrier head can independently rotate about it own axis. In addition, each carrier head 70 independently laterally oscillates in a radial slot 72 formed in carousel support plate 66. A description of a suitable carrier head 70 can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,654,888, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. In operation, the platen is rotated about its central axis 25, and the carrier head is rotated about its central axis 71 and translated laterally across the surface of the polishing pad.

FIG. 3 shows one of the carrier heads 70. Each of the carrier heads 70 includes a housing 102, a base assembly 104, a gimbal mechanism 106 (which can be considered part of the base assembly 104), a loading chamber 108, a retaining ring 200, and a substrate backing assembly 110 which includes a flexible membrane 116 that defines multiple independently pressurizable chambers, such as an inner chamber 230, a middle chambers 232, 234, 236, and an outer chamber 238. These chambers control the pressure on concentric regions of the flexible membrane, thus providing independent pressure control on concentric portions of the substrate. In some implementations, each of the carrier heads 70 includes five chambers and a pressure regulator for each of the chambers.

Returning to FIG. 2, the eddy current monitoring system 40 includes a drive system to induce eddy currents in a metal layer on the substrate and a sensing system to detect eddy currents induced in the metal layer by the drive system. The monitoring system 40 includes a core 42 positioned in recess 26 to rotate with the platen, a drive coil 49 wound around one part of core 42, and a sense coil 46 wound around second part of core 42. For the drive system, monitoring system 40 includes an oscillator 50 connected to drive coil 49. For the sense system, monitoring system 40 includes a capacitor 52 connected in parallel with sense coil 46, an RF amplifier 54 connected to sense coil 46, and a diode 56. The oscillator 50, capacitor 52, RF amplifier 54, and diode 56 can be located apart from platen 24, and can be coupled to the components in the platen through a rotary electrical union 29.

In some implementations, the backing layer 32 includes an aperture above the recess 26. The aperture can have the same width and depth as the recess 26. Alternatively, the aperture can be smaller than the recess 26. A portion 36 of the covering layer 34 can be above the aperture in the backing layer. The portion 36 of the covering layer 34 can prevent the slurry 38 from entering the recess 26. Part of the core 42 can be located in the aperture. For example, the core 42 can include prongs that extent into the aperture. In some implementations, the top of the core 42 does not extend past the bottom surface of the covering layer 34.

In operation the oscillator 50 drives drive coil 49 to generate an oscillating magnetic field that extends through the body of core 42 and into the gap between the prongs of the core. At least a portion of magnetic field extends through thin portion 36 of polishing pad 30 and into substrate 10. If a metal layer is present on substrate 10, oscillating magnetic field generates eddy currents in the metal layer. The eddy currents cause the metal layer to act as an impedance source in parallel with sense coil 46 and capacitor 52. As the thickness of the metal layer changes, the impedance changes, resulting in a change in the Q-factor of sensing mechanism. By detecting the change in the Q-factor of the sensing mechanism, the eddy current sensor can sense the change in the strength of the eddy currents, and thus the change in thickness of metal layer.

An optical monitoring system 140, which can function as a reflectometer or interferometer, can be secured to platen 24 in recess 26, e.g., adjacent the eddy current monitoring system 40. Thus, the optical monitoring system 140 can measure the reflectivity of substantially the same location on the substrate as is being monitored by the eddy current monitoring system 40. Specifically, the optical monitoring system 140 can be positioned to measure a portion of the substrate at the same radial distance from the axis of rotation of the platen 24 as the eddy current monitoring system 40. Thus, the optical monitoring system 140 can sweep across the substrate in the same path as the eddy current monitoring system 40.

The optical monitoring system 140 includes a light source 144 and a detector 146. The light source generates a light beam 142 which propagates through transparent window section 36 and slurry to impinge upon the exposed surface of the substrate 10. For example, the light source 144 may be a laser and the light beam 142 may be a collimated laser beam. The light laser beam 142 can be projected from the laser 144 at an angle α from an axis normal to the surface of the substrate 10. In addition, if the recess 26 and the window 36 are elongated, a beam expander (not illustrated) may be positioned in the path of the light beam to expand the light beam along the elongated axis of the window. In general, the optical monitoring system functions as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,159,073, and 6,280,289, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by references.

The CMP apparatus 20 can also include a position sensor 80, such as an optical interrupter, to sense when core 42 and light source 44 are beneath substrate 10. For example, the optical interrupter could be mounted at a fixed point opposite carrier head 70. A flag 82 is attached to the periphery of the platen. The point of attachment and length of flag 82 is selected so that it interrupts the optical signal of sensor 80 while transparent section 36 sweeps beneath substrate 10. Alternately, the CMP apparatus can include an encoder to determine the angular position of platen.

A general purpose programmable digital computer 90 receives the intensity signals from the eddy current sensing system, and the intensity signals from the optical monitoring system. Since the monitoring systems sweep beneath the substrate with each rotation of the platen, information on the metal layer thickness and exposure of the underlying layer is accumulated in-situ and on a continuous real-time basis (once per platen rotation). The computer 90 can be programmed to sample measurements from the monitoring system when the substrate generally overlies the transparent section 36 (as determined by the position sensor). As polishing progresses, the reflectivity or thickness of the metal layer changes, and the sampled signals vary with time. The time varying sampled signals may be referred to as traces. The measurements from the monitoring systems can be displayed on an output device 92 during polishing to permit the operator of the device to visually monitor the progress of the polishing operation.

In operation, the CMP apparatus 20 uses eddy current monitoring system 40 and optical monitoring system 140 to determine when the bulk of the filler layer has been removed and to determine when the underlying stop layer has been substantially exposed. The computer 90 applies process control and endpoint detection logic to the sampled signals to determine when to change process parameter and to detect the polishing endpoint. Possible process control and endpoint criteria for the detector logic include local minima or maxima, changes in slope, threshold values in amplitude or slope, or combinations thereof.

In addition, the computer 90 can be programmed to divide the measurements from both the eddy current monitoring system 40 and the optical monitoring system 140 from each sweep beneath the substrate into a plurality of sampling zones, to calculate the radial position of each sampling zone, to sort the amplitude measurements into radial ranges, to determine minimum, maximum and average measurements for each sampling zone, and to use multiple radial ranges to determine the polishing endpoint, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,501, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Computer 90 may also be connected to the pressure mechanisms that control the pressure applied by carrier head 70, to carrier head rotation motor 76 to control the carrier head rotation rate, to the platen rotation motor (not shown) to control the platen rotation rate, or to slurry distribution system 39 to control the slurry composition supplied to the polishing pad. Specifically, after sorting the measurements into radial ranges, information on the metal film thickness can be fed in real-time into a closed-loop controller to periodically or continuously modify the polishing pressure profile applied by a carrier head, as discussed further below.

FIG. 4A shows an example of an eddy current monitoring system 400 for measuring profile information. The eddy current monitoring system 400 can be used as the eddy current monitoring system 40. With eddy current sensing, an oscillating magnetic field induces eddy currents in a conductive region on the wafer. The eddy currents are induced in a region that is coupled with magnetic flux lines generated by the eddy current sensing system. The eddy current monitoring system 400 includes a core 408 with an E-shaped body. The core 408 can include a back portion 410 and three prongs 412 a-c extending from the back portion 410.

The back portion 410 of the core 408 can be a generally plate-shape or rectangular box-shaped body, and can have a top face parallel to the top surface of the platen, e.g., parallel to the substrate and the polishing pad during the polishing operation. In some implementations, the long axis of the back portion 410 is perpendicular to a radius of the platen that extends from the axis of rotation of the platen. The long axis of the back portion 410 can be normal to the front face of the back portion 410. The back portion 410 can have a height that is measured normal to the top surface of the platen.

The prongs 412 a-c extend from the back portion 410 in a direction normal to a top surface of the back portion 410 and are substantially linear and extend in parallel with each other. Each of the prongs 412 a-c can have a long axis along a direction parallel to the top surface of the platen, e.g., parallel to the faces of the substrate and polishing pad during the polishing operation, and are substantially linear and extend in parallel to each other. The long axes of the prongs 412 a-c can be normal to the front face of the prongs 412 a-c. The long axis of the back portion 410 can extend in the same direction as the long axes of the prongs 412 a-c. In some implementations, the long axes of the prongs 412 a-c are perpendicular to a radius of the polishing pad that extends from the axis of rotation of the polishing pad. The two outer prongs 412 a, 412 c are on opposite sides of the middle prong 412 a. The space between the each of the outer prongs (e.g., 412 a and 412 c) and the center prong (e.g., 412 b) can be the same, i.e., the outer prongs 412 a, 412 c can be equidistant from the middle prong 412 a.

The eddy current sensing system 400 includes a coil 422 and a capacitor 424 in parallel. The coil 422 can be coupled with the core 408 (e.g., the coil 422 can be wrapped around the center coil 412 b). Together the coil 422 and the capacitor 424 can form an LC resonant tank. In operation, a current generator 426 (e.g., a current generator based on a marginal oscillator circuit) drives the system at the resonant frequency of the LC tank circuit formed by the coil 422 (with inductance L) and the capacitor 424 (with capacitance C). The current generator 426 can be designed to maintain the peak to peak amplitude of the sinusoidal oscillation at a constant value. A time-dependent voltage with amplitude V₀ is rectified using a rectifier 428 and provided to a feedback circuit 430. The feedback circuit 430 determines a drive current for current generator 426 to keep the amplitude of the voltage V₀ constant. For such a system, the magnitude of the drive current can be proportional to the conducting film thickness. Marginal oscillator circuits and feedback circuits are further described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,000,458, and 7,112,960 which are incorporated by reference.

The current generator 426 can feed current to the LC resonant tank in order for the frequency to remain the same. The coil 422 can generate an oscillating magnetic field 432, which may couple with a conductive region 406 of the substrate (e.g., the substrate 10). When the conductive region 406 is present, the energy dissipated as eddy currents in the substrate can bring down the amplitude of the oscillation. The current generator 426 can feed more current to the LC resonant tank to keep the amplitude constant. The amount of additional current fed by the current generator 426 can be sensed and can be translated into a thickness measurement of the conductive region 406.

FIG. 4B shows another implementation of a eddy current monitoring system 400. The eddy current monitoring system 400 can include a drive coil 402 for generating an oscillating magnetic field 404, which may couple with the conductive region 406 of interest (e.g., a portion of a metal layer on a semiconductor wafer). Drive coil 402 can be wound around the back portion 410. The oscillating magnetic field 404 generates eddy currents locally in conductive region 406. The eddy currents cause conductive region 406 to act as an impedance source in parallel with a sense coil 414 and a capacitor 414. The sense coil 414 can be wrapped around the center prong 412 b. The sense coil 414 can be wrapped around an outer portion of the center prong 412 b to increase the sensitivity of the eddy current monitoring system 400. As the thickness of conductive region 406 changes, the impedance changes, resulting in a change in the Q-factor of the system. By detecting the change in the Q-factor, the eddy current monitoring system 400 can sense the change in the strength of the eddy currents, and thus the change in thickness of the conductive region. Therefore, the eddy current monitoring system 400 can be used to determine parameters of the conductive region, such as a thickness of the conductive region, or may be used to determine related parameters, such as a polishing endpoint. Note that although the thickness of a particular conductive region is discussed above, the relative position of core 408 and the conductive layer may change, so that thickness information for a number of different conductive regions is obtained.

In some implementations, a change in Q-factor may be determined by measuring an amplitude of current in the sense coil as a function of time, for a fixed drive frequency and drive amplitude. An eddy current signal may be rectified using a rectifier 418, and the amplitude monitored via an output 420. Alternately, a change in Q-factor may be determined by measuring an phase difference between the drive signal and the sense signal as a function of time.

The eddy current monitoring system 400 can be used to measure the thickness of a conductive layer on a substrate. In some implementations, an eddy current monitoring system with a higher signal strength, a higher signal to noise ratio and/or improved spatial resolution and linearity may be desired. For example, in RTPC applications, obtaining desired cross-wafer uniformity may require an improved eddy current sensing system.

The eddy current monitoring system 400 can provide enhanced signal strength, signal to noise ratio, enhanced linearity, and enhanced stability. Additional benefits may be obtained by providing an eddy current sensing system with improved signal strength. Improved signal strength may be particularly beneficial for RTPC. Obtaining high resolution wafer profile information allows for more accurate adjustment of processing parameters, and thus may enable fabrication of devices with smaller critical dimensions (CDs).

In general, the in-situ eddy current monitoring system 400 is constructed with a resonant frequency of about 50 kHz to 10 MHz, e.g., between about 1.5 and 2.0 MHz, e.g., between about 1.6 and 1.7 MHz. For example, the sense coil 414 can have an inductance of about 0.3 to 30 microH and the capacitor 416 can have a capacitance of about 470 pF to about 0.022 uF, e.g., 1000 pF. The driving coil can be designed to match the driving signal from an oscillator. For example, if the oscillator has a low voltage and a low impedance, the drive coil can include fewer turns to provide a small inductance. On the other hand, if the oscillator has a high voltage and a high impedance, the drive coil can include more turns to provide a large inductance. In one implementation, the sense coil 414 includes twelve turns around the center prong 412 b, and the drive coil 402 includes four turns around the base portion 410, and the oscillator drives the drive coil 402 with an amplitude of about 0.1 V to 5.0 V

FIG. 5A shows another example of a core 500. The core 500 can have an E-shaped body formed of a non-conductive material with a relatively high magnetic permeability (e.g., μ of about 2500 or more). Specifically, core 500 can be ferrite. The core 500 can be coated. For example, the core 500 can be coated with a material such as parylene to prevent water from entering pores in the core 500, and to prevent coil shorting. The core 500 can be the same as the core 408 included in the eddy current monitoring system 400. The core 500 can include a back portion 502 and three prongs 504 a-c extending from the back portion 502.

The first prong 504 b has a width W1, the second prong 504 a has a width W2, and the third prong 504 c has a width W3. Each of the widths W1, W2, and W3 can be the same. For example, each of the prongs 504 a-c can have a width of 1 mm. The first prong 504 b and the second prong 504 a are a separated by a distance 51, and the first prong 504 b and the third prong 504 c are a distance S2 apart. In some implementations, the distances 51 and S2 are the same and the second prong 504 a and the third prong 504 c are the same distance from the center prong 504 b. For example, both the distances S1 and S2 can be about 2 mm.

Each of the prongs 504 a-c have a height Hp, which is the distance that the prongs 504 a-c extend from the back portion 502 of the core 500. The height Hp can be greater than the widths W1, W2, and W3. In some implementations, the higher Hp is longer than the distances S1 and S2 separating the prongs 504 a-c. In particular, the height Hp can be 4 mm. The back portion 502 has a height Hb. The height Hb can be the same as the distance S1 or the distance S2, e.g., 2 mm.

A coil 506 can be wound around the center prong 504 b. The coil can be coupled with a capacitor, such as the capacitor 416. In implementations of eddy current monitoring systems such as the system 400, separate sense and drive coils can be used. In some implementations, a coil such as the coil 506 may be litz wire (woven wire constructed of individual film insulated wires bunched or braided together in a uniform pattern of twists and length of lay), which may be less lossy than solid wire for the frequencies commonly used in eddy current sensing.

In some implementations, the coil 506 can be wrapped around a portion of the center prong 504 b and not the entire prong 504 b. For example, the coil 506 can be wrapped around an outer portion of the center prong 504 b. The outer portion can have a height Ho. The coil 506 may not touch an inner portion of the center prong 504 b that has a height Hi. The inner portion can be closer to the back portion 502 than the outer portion. In some implementations, the heights Ho and Hi are about half the height Hp of the center prong 504 b. Alternatively, the height Hi of the inner portion can be greater than the height Ho of the outer portion. The height Ho of the outer portion can be greater than the height Hi of the inner portion.

In some implementations, a spacer 508 can support the coil 506 and prevent the coil 506 from contacting the inner portion of the center prong 504 b. The spacer 508 can be made from an insulator. The spacer 508 can be soft in order to prevent damage to the core 500. For example, the spacer 508 can be plastic, rubber, or wood. The spacer 508 can be attached to the core 500 to prevent the spacer 508 from moving during CMP processes.

FIG. 5B shows a perspective view of the core 500. The core 500 can have a width Wt that is the sum of the widths W1, W2, and W3 of the prongs 504 a-c and the distances S1 and S2 separating the prongs 504 a-c. The core 500 has a height Ht that is the sum of the height Hp of the prongs 504 a-c and the height Hb of the base portion 502. In some implementations, the width Wt is greater than the height Ht. The core 500 has a length Lt that is greater than the width W1 of the center prong 504 b, and preferably greater than the width Wt of the core. The length Lt can be between about 10 and 20 mm. The length Lt can be greater than the width Wt of the core 500.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show top and side views of the relative position of a substrate 600 with respect to a core 602 (which may be similar to core 408 of FIG. 4 or core 500 of FIG. 5). For a scan through a slice A-A′ through the center of the wafer 600 having a radius R, the core 602 is oriented so that its long axis is perpendicular to a radius of the wafer 600. The core 602 is translated relative to the diameter of the wafer as shown. Note that the magnetic field produced by a coil wound around the core 602 induces eddy currents in a conductive region that is elongated in shape as well, with a length greater than a width. However, the length and the width are generally not the same as the length and width of the core 602, and the aspect ratio and cross section of the conductive region is generally different than that of the core 602 as well.

Although the configuration of FIGS. 6A and 6B may provide improved resolution for most of slide A-A′ of the wafer 600, as the core 602 translates along a first and last segments 604 of the radius, a portion of the core 602 is not proximate to the substrate. Therefore the measurement for the segments 604 is less accurate and may place a limit on the maximum desirable length L, such as the length Lt, of the core 602. Additionally, as the core 602 approaches the center of the wafer 600, the core 602 is sampling a larger radial range. Therefore, the spatial resolution for a particular radial distance r≈R is significantly better than the spatial resolution of r≈0.

As explained above, the length L of the core 602 is greater than its width W. That is, the aspect ration L/W is greater than one. Different values for L, W, and L/W may be used for different implementations. For example, W may range from a fraction of a millimeter to more than a centimeter, while L may range from about a millimeter (for smaller values of W) to ten centimeters or greater.

In a particular implementation, W is between about a millimeter and about ten millimeters, while L is between about one centimeter to about five centimeters. More particularly, the core 602 may be about seven millimeters wide, with each protrusion being about a millimeter in width and with each space between adjacent protrusions being about two millimeters. The length may be about twenty millimeters. The height may be about six millimeters and may be increased if desired to allow for more coil turns. Of course, the values given here are exemplary; many other configurations are possible.

In some implementations, the long axis of a core may not be exactly perpendicular to a radius of a substrate. However, a core may still provide improved resolution over available core geometries, particularly near the wafer edge. FIG. 7 shows a CMP system 700 in which an elongated core 702 is positioned underneath a platen 704. Prior to sweeping underneath a substrate 706, the core 702 is at a position 708. At the position 708, the core 702 is positioned approximately perpendicular to a radius R of substrate 706. Therefore, for r≈R, the portion of a conductive layer that couples with the magnetic field produced by the coil wound around the core 702 is generally at the same radial distance from the center of the wafer. Note that both the platen 704 and the substrate 706 are rotating as the core 702 sweeps beneath the substrate 706. The substrate 706 can also sweep with respect to the platen 704, as indicated. Additionally, a flag 710 and a flag sensor 712 may be used to sense the rotational position of the platen 704.

Initially, referring to FIGS. 4 and 8A, before conducting polishing, the oscillator 50 is tuned to the resonant frequency of the LC circuit, without any substrate present. This resonant frequency results in the maximum amplitude of the output signal from RF amplifier 54.

As shown in FIG. 8B, for a polishing operation, the substrate 10 is placed in contact with the polishing pad 30. The substrate 10 can include a silicon wafer 12 and a conductive layer 16, e.g., a metal such as copper or aluminum, disposed over one or more patterned underlying layers 14, which can be semiconductor, conductor or insulator layers. A barrier layer 18, such as tantalum or tantalum nitride, may separate the metal layer from the underlying dielectric. The patterned underlying layers 14 can include metal features, e.g., vias, pads and interconnects. Since, prior to polishing, the bulk of the conductive layer 16 is initially relatively thick and continuous, it has a low resistivity, and relatively strong eddy currents can be generated in the conductive layer. The eddy currents cause the metal layer to function as an impedance source in parallel with the sense coil 46 and the capacitor 52. Consequently, the presence of the conductive film 16 reduces the Q-factor of the sensor circuit, thereby significantly reducing the amplitude of the signal from the RF amplifier 56.

Referring to FIG. 8C, as the substrate 10 is polished the bulk portion of the conductive layer 16 is thinned. As the conductive layer 16 thins, its sheet resistivity increases, and the eddy currents in the metal layer become dampened. Consequently, the coupling between the conductive layer 16 and sensor circuitry is reduced (i.e., increasing the resistivity of the virtual impedance source). As the coupling declines, the Q-factor of the sensor circuit increases toward its original value, causing the amplitude of the signal from the RF amplifier 56 to rise.

Referring to FIG. 8D, eventually the bulk portion of the conductive layer 16 is removed, leaving conductive interconnects 16′ in the trenches between the patterned insulative layer 14. At this point, the coupling between the conductive portions in the substrate, which are generally small and generally non-continuous, and sensor circuit reaches a minimum. Consequently, the Q-factor of the sensor circuit reaches a maximum value (although not as large as the Q-factor when the substrate is entirely absent). This causes the amplitude of the output signal from the sensor circuit to plateau.

FIG. 9 shows a graph 900 of the thickness of a conductive layer after polishing the conductive layer. A line 902 on the graph 900 indicates the thickness (in Angstroms) of the conductive layer measured at varying distances from the center of the wafer. For example, a CMP system can polish an aluminum layer using the core 500 to monitor variations in the thickness of the aluminum layer in different regions of a substrate. The CMP system can use an optical monitoring system to determine when the aluminum layer is about 200 Angstroms thick and end polishing. In some implementations, using the core 500 and adjusting pressure on the backside of the substrate during polishing result in the aluminum layer that has a within substrate thickness variability of at most 50 Angstroms. In some implementations, using the core 500 or the core 408 reduce wafer to wafer variability in addition to within wafer variability.

FIG. 10 shows an example flowchart of a process 1000 for polishing a metal layer on a substrate, such as copper or aluminum. The substrate is polished at the first polishing station 22 a to remove the bulk of the metal layer until a first eddy current monitoring system indicates a predetermined thickness of the metal layer remains (1002). For example, an 8000 Angstrom copper layer can be polished until the eddy current monitoring system indicates that the copper layer is about 2000 Angstroms thick. As another example, a 4000 Angstrom aluminum layer can be polished until the eddy current monitoring system indicates that the aluminum layer is about 1000 Angstroms thick. The polishing process can be monitored by the eddy current monitoring system 40. When a predetermined thickness, e.g., 2000 Angstroms of the copper layer 14, remains over the underlying barrier layer 16, the polishing process is halted and the substrate is transferred to the second polishing station 22 b. This first polishing endpoint can be triggered when the amplitude signal exceeds an experimentally determined threshold value.

As polishing progresses at the first polishing station 22 a, the radial thickness information from the eddy current monitoring system 40 can be fed into a closed-loop feedback system to control the pressure of the different chambers of the carrier head 70 on the substrate. The pressure of the retaining ring on the polishing pad may also be adjusted to adjust the polishing rate. This permits the carrier head to compensate for the non-uniformity in the polishing rate or for non-uniformity in the thickness of the metal layer of the incoming substrate. As a result, after polishing at the first polishing station, a significant amount of the metal layer has been removed and the surface of the metal layer remaining on the substrate is substantially planarized.

The carrier head 70 transfers the substrate to a second platen at the second polishing station 22 b (1004). The substrate can be briefly polished at a high pressure when polishing begins at the second platen (1006). This initial polishing, which can be termed an “initiation” step, may be needed to remove native oxides formed on the metal layer or to compensate for ramp-up of the platen rotation rate and carrier head pressure so as to maintain the expected throughput.

Optionally, at the second polishing station 22 b, the substrate is polished at a lower polishing rate than at the first polishing station and a second eddy current monitoring system measures the thickness of the metal layer (1008). For example, the polishing rate is reduced by about a factor of 2 to 4, e.g., by about 50% to 75%, from the polishing rate at the first polishing station 22 a. To reduce the polishing rate, the carrier head pressure can be reduced, the carrier head rotation rate can be reduced, the composition of the slurry can be changed to introduce a slower polishing slurry, and/or the platen rotation rate could be reduced. For example, the pressure on the substrate from the carrier head may be reduced by about 33% to 50%, and the platen rotation rate and carrier head rotation rate may both be reduced by about 50%.

The second eddy current monitoring system measures the thickness of the metal layer during polishing. The measurements can be fed into a closed-loop feedback system in order to control the pressure of the different chambers of the carrier head 70 on the substrate in order to polish the metal layer evenly. In some implementations, e.g., for polishing of a copper layer, the second eddy current monitoring system can be different from the first eddy current monitoring system, e.g., have a different resonant frequency. For example, the first eddy current monitoring system can have a resonant frequency tuned to detect the thickness of a thicker metal layer than the second eddy current monitoring system. For example, first eddy current monitoring system can have a resonant frequency of about 320 kHz to 400 kHz, e.g., 400 kHz and the second eddy current monitoring system have a resonant frequency between about 1.5 and 2.0 MHz, e.g., between about 1.6 and 1.7 MHz. For polishing of some metal layers, e.g., copper, this can permit accurate measurement of the layer thickness above 2000 Angstroms the first polishing station, and can permit accurate measurement of the layer thickness below 2000 Angstroms, e.g., down to about 200 Angstroms, at the second polishing station. Thus, feedback control of the pressure can be performed down until the metal layer has a thickness of 200 to 300 Angstroms, at which point the feedback control can be deactivated.

In some implementations, e.g., for polishing of an aluminum layer, the first eddy current monitoring system and the second eddy current monitoring system are the same type, e.g., both eddy current monitoring systems use the same resonant frequency, e.g., a resonant frequency between about 1.5 and 2.0 MHz, e.g., between about 1.6 and 1.7 MHz.

With the improved sensitivity of the eddy current sensor, it may be possible to perform closed-loop control of the pressure applied by the different chambers of the carrier head with greater reliability at thinner metal layer (e.g., copper) thicknesses, e.g., at thicknesses below 1000 Angstroms, e.g., below 500 Angstroms, e.g., down to about 200 or 300 Angstroms. In addition, with the improved sensitivity of the eddy current sensor, it may be possible to perform closed-loop control of the pressure applied by the different chambers of the carrier head with greater reliability for metal layers of lower conductivity (compared to copper), e.g., aluminum layers. With the improved sensitivity of the eddy current sensor, it may be possible to perform closed-loop control of the pressure applied by the different chambers of the carrier head with greater reliability with the sensor spaced farther from the substrate, e.g., with a system in which the core does not project above the top of the backing layer.

The polishing process can be monitored at the second polishing station 22 b by an optical monitoring system. Polishing proceeds at the second polishing station 22 b until the metal layer is removed and the underlying barrier layer is exposed (1010). Of course, small portions of the metal layer can remain on the substrate, but the metal layer is substantially entirely removed. The optical monitoring system is useful for determining this endpoint, since it can detect the change in reflectivity as the barrier layer is exposed. Specifically, the endpoint for the second polishing station 22 b can be triggered when the amplitude or slope of the optical monitoring signal falls below an experimentally determined threshold value across all the radial ranges monitored by the computer. This indicates that the barrier metal layer has been removed across substantially all of the substrate. Of course, as polishing progresses at the second polishing station 22 b, the reflectivity information from the optical monitoring system 40 can be fed into a closed-loop feedback system to control the pressure applied by the different chambers of the of the carrier head 70 on the substrate to prevent the regions of the barrier layer that are exposed earliest from becoming overpolished.

By reducing the polishing rate before the barrier layer is exposed, dishing and erosion effects can be reduced. In addition, the relative reaction time of the polishing machine is improved, enabling the polishing machine to halt polishing and transfer to the third polishing station with less material removed after the final endpoint criterion is detected. Moreover, more intensity measurements can be collected near the expected polishing end time, thereby potentially improving the accuracy of the polishing endpoint calculation. However, by maintaining a high polishing rate throughout most of the polishing operation at the first polishing station, high throughput is achieved.

Once the metal layer has been removed at the second polishing station 22 b, the substrate is transferred to the third polishing station 22 c (1012). Optionally, the substrate may be briefly polished with an initiation step, e.g., for about 5 seconds, at a somewhat higher pressure. The polishing process is monitored at the third polishing station 22 c by an optical monitoring system, and proceeds until the exposed layers on the substrate are buffed (1014). In some implementations, the barrier layer is substantially removed and the underlying dielectric layer is substantially exposed at the third polishing station 22 c. The same slurry solution may be used at the first and second polishing stations, whereas another slurry solution may be used at the third polishing station.

An alternative method 1100 of polishing a metal layer, such as a copper layer or an aluminum layer, is shown in flowchart form in FIG. 11. Both the fast polishing step and the slow polishing step are performed at the first polishing station 22 a (1102, 1104). Buffing of the substrate and/or removal of the barrier layer can be performed at the second polishing station 22 b. Alternatively, the barrier layer can be removed at the second polishing station 22 b, and a buffing step can be performed at the final polishing station 22 c.

While the substrate is polished at the first polishing station 22 a, the first eddy current monitoring system measures the thickness of the metal layer, and the measurements can be fed into a closed-loop feedback system in order to control the pressure and/or loading area of the different chambers of the carrier head 70 on the substrate in order to polish the metal layer evenly (1102, 1105). Feedback control of the pressure can be performed until the metal layer has a thickness of 200 to 300 Angstroms, at which point the feedback control can be deactivated.

Optionally, when the eddy current monitoring system indicates that a predetermined thickness of a metal layer remains on the substrate, less than 1000 Angstroms for an aluminum layer, e.g., the substrate is polished at a reduced polishing speed, e.g., by reducing the pressure on the backside of the substrate (1104). After the polishing rate is reduced, the polishing system can continue to use eddy current monitoring system to measure the thickness of the metal layer adjust the pressure in the carrier head 70 on the backside of the substrate in order to uniformly polish the different regions of the metal layer (1105).

The optical monitoring system determines that an underlying layer is at least partially exposed and polishing is stopped (1106). For example, the optical monitoring system can determine that the underlying barrier layer 16 is partially exposed. The carrier head 70 transfers the substrate to a second platen (1108). The substrate is buffed at the second platen (1110).

The eddy current and optical monitoring systems can be used in a variety of polishing systems. Either the polishing pad, or the carrier head, or both can move to provide relative motion between the polishing surface and the substrate. The polishing pad can be a circular (or some other shape) pad secured to the platen, a tape extending between supply and take-up rollers, or a continuous belt. The polishing pad can be affixed on a platen, incrementally advanced over a platen between polishing operations, or driven continuously over the platen during polishing. The pad can be secured to the platen during polishing, or there can be a fluid bearing between the platen and polishing pad during polishing. The polishing pad can be a standard (e.g., polyurethane with or without fillers) rough pad, a soft pad, or a fixed-abrasive pad. Rather than tuning when the substrate is absent, the drive frequency of the oscillator can be tuned to a resonant frequency with a polished or unpolished substrate present (with or without the carrier head), or to some other reference.

Although illustrated as positioned in the same hole, the optical monitoring system 140 can be positioned at a different location on the platen than the eddy current monitoring system 40. For example, the optical monitoring system 140 and eddy current monitoring system 40 could be positioned on opposite sides of the platen, so that they alternately scan the substrate surface.

A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 

1. An apparatus for chemical mechanical polishing, comprising: a platen having a surface to support a polishing pad; and an eddy current monitoring system to generate an eddy current signal, the eddy current monitoring system comprising a core positioned at least partially in the platen and a coil wound around a portion of the core, the core including a back portion, a first prong extending from the back portion in a first direction normal to the surface of the platen and having a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, second and third prongs extending from the back portion in parallel with the first protrusion, the second and third prongs positioned on opposite sides of and equidistant from the first prong, a spacing in the second direction between each of the second and third prongs and the first prong being approximately equal to twice the width of the first prong.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second and third prongs have a width approximately equal to the width of the first prong.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the width of the first prong is about 1 mm and the spacing between each of the second and third prongs and the first prong is about 2 mm.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first, second and third prongs each have a height in the first direction, the height being greater than the width of the first prong.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the height is about four times the width.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first, second and third prongs each have a length along a third direction parallel to the surface of the platen and perpendicular to the second direction, the length being greater than the width of the first prong.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the length is at least 10 times the width.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the length is about 20 times the width.
 9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the platen is rotatable about an axis of rotation, and the length of the first, second and third prongs is perpendicular to a radius of the platen that extends from the axis of rotation through the core.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the core has a generally E-shaped cross section in a plane parallel to the first direction and the second direction.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the coil is wound only around the first prong.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising the polishing pad, the polishing pad having a backing layer and a polishing layer, wherein the backing layer has an aperture therein, and wherein the prongs of the core extend into the aperture in the backing layer but not past a bottom surface of the polishing layer.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the eddy current monitoring system has a resonant frequency of about 1.5 to 2 MHz.
 14. An apparatus for chemical mechanical polishing, comprising: a platen having a surface to support a polishing pad; and an eddy current monitoring system to generate an eddy current signal, the eddy current monitoring system comprising a core positioned at least partially in the platen and a coil, the core including a back portion, a first prong extending from the back portion in a first direction normal to the surface of the platen and having a height in the first direction, second and third prongs extending from the back portion in parallel with the first protrusion, the second and third prongs positioned on opposite sides of the first prong; wherein the coil is wound around an outer portion of the first prong and is not wound around an inner portion of the first prong that is closer to the back portion than the outer portion, the inner portion extending at least about half the height of the prong.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the outer portion extends about half the height of the prong.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising at least one spacer positioned in a gap between the first prong and the second and third prongs to support the coil.
 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first prong has a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, the second and third prongs are positioned equidistant from the first prong, and a spacing in the second direction between each of the second and third prongs and the first prong is approximately equal to twice the width of the first prong.
 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first, second and third prongs have the same height.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the first prong has a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, and the height is greater than the width.
 20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first prong has a width in a second direction parallel to the surface of the platen, and wherein the first, second and third prongs each have a length along a third direction parallel to the surface of the platen and perpendicular to the second direction, the length being greater than the width of the first prong.
 21. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the coil is wound only around the first prong.
 22. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising the polishing pad, the polishing pad having a backing layer and a polishing layer, wherein the backing layer has an aperture therein, and wherein the prongs of the core extend into the aperture in the backing layer but not past a bottom surface of the polishing layer.
 23. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the eddy current monitoring system has a resonant frequency of about 1.5 to 2 MHz.
 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the coil is wound about 12 times around the first prong.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the eddy current monitoring system includes a capacitor in parallel with the coil, the capacitor having a capacitance of about 1000 pF. 